Kippa
Islamic dress controversy in Europe
Islamic dress, particularly the variety of hairstyles worn by Muslim women, became an important symbol of the presence of Islam in Western Europe. In several countries this adherence to the sail (an Arabic name meaning "Cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a statutory prohibition. The Dutch government has decided to introduce a ban on face covering clothing, popularly described as the prohibition of the burqa, even if the model applies only to the Afghan burka. Other countries are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. Some only apply to face coverings, such as the burka, the chador, boushiya, or the niqab, some apply all clothing with Islamic religious symbols as khimar, a type of scarf. (Some countries already have laws that prohibit the use of masks in public, which can be applied to the veils that hide the face). The question has different names in different countries and "the veil" or "hijab" can be used as a way for the general debate, which represents more than own veil, or the concept of modesty shown in hijab.
http:Lacy>> http://www.himfr.com/buy-lacy_tops/ "topsAlthough Lacy> the Balkans and Eastern Europe indigenous Muslims, most Muslims in Western Europe are members of immigrant communities. The issue of clothing Islam is linked to issues of immigration and the position of Islam in Western society.
The reasons for the prohibition vary. the legal prohibitions on face-covering clothing are often justified on grounds of security, as an anti-terrorism. However, the public controversy is broader, and may be the sign of the polarization between Muslims and Western European societies.
To some critics, clothing Islam is a matter of conflicting values and the clash of civilizations. These critics – chief among which is Ayaan Hirsi Ali – see Islam as incompatible with Western values, at least in its current form. They advocate the values the liberalism of the Enlightenment, such as secularism and equality of women. For them, the burqa or chador are both a symbol of religious obscurantism and oppression of women. Western Enlightenment values, notice, require the ban, regardless of whether a woman has freely chosen Islamic dress. A more extreme is the free choice of Islamic dress is a statement of allegiance to radical Islamism, and the carriers are enemies of Western society, if not terrorists.
Islamic dress is also considered a symbol of the existence of parallel worlds (of Parallelgesellschaft) and the failure of integration: in 2006, Prime Minister Tony Blair has described as a "mark of separation" [1]. visible symbols of a conflict of non-Western culture and national identity European states, which implies an action (not religious) culture. The proposed ban may be linked to other prohibitions related to culture: the Netherlands Netherlands, Geert Wilders has proposed a ban of the burka in Islamic schools, mosques new and non-Western immigration.
In France and Turkey with emphasis on the secular state, and the symbolic nature of Islamic dress, and bans on government institutions (courts, public) and state-funded education. These bans also cover the Islamic veil in some other countries are considered less controversial, although the court the right people in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear the headscarf because of the neutrality of the state.
An argument apparently less politicized, is that in certain professions (Education), the prohibition of "candles" (Niqab) justified, because the face-to-face communication and eye contact is necessary. This argument has been prominent in the judgments in Britain and the Netherlands After the students or teachers were banned to cover their faces.
Public response policy proposals of this prohibition is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides clothing personal. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as a matter of civil liberties, such as a slippery slope that leads to restrictions additional privacy. Public opinion survey in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of everyone to dress according to their religious beliefs "[2]. In another survey in the UK by Ipsos MORI, 61 percent agreed that" Muslim women are segregated themselves " wearing a veil, but 77 percent thought they should have the right to use it.
There is currently no ban on Islamic religious dress in Denmark. However, following an incident in which a journalist wearing burqas could escape the vigilance of Copenhagen airport security [11], the government has insisted airports the need for passengers to come forward.
In 2006, Asmaa Abdol-Hamid held a passionate debate in which he presented a television show on DR2 wear a hijab [12]. The controversy continued the following year when he announced he would be running for Parliament. SREN MP Krarup, the Danish People's Party asked wearing a hijab if Parliament has been declared constitutional and the veil is a symbol of totalitarianism, comparable to the Nazi swastika or the Communist hammer and sickle [13].
In April 2007 the council of the city of Odense has asked the Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs of Denmark to rule on a case in which a Muslim woman refused to remove the veil for his work as an employee of the family. A majority of the Parliament is ready to give employers the right to ban Muslim headscarves niqab and the burka for employees [14].
In May 2008, the Danish government has decided that judges of the courts should strive for religious and political neutrality, and therefore not allowed to wear visible religious symbols such as crucifixes Christians, Jews, Muslims, headscarves and yarmulke.
The 2004 law on secularism French and religious symbols in schools banned all clothing which is an ostensible religious symbol of the government-operated schools. As usually justified as a measure to ensure secularism and religious neutrality of the state – the principle of Louisiana in December 2003, President Jacques Chirac, supported a new law to explicitly prohibit all signs "visible religious affiliation" in the spirit of. The law was passed by the French Parliament in March 2004.
The law prohibits the use of all "conspicuous" religious items, but does not cite any figures, however, the ministerial instructions appear to target the Islamic veil, the Jewish skullcap and large Christian crosses. Instructions permit discreet signs of faith such as small crosses, Stars of David, and hands of Fatima. The law applies to students, parents and staff as well. Without specific legal prohibition, similar policies are sometimes applied in agencies state and other public buildings such as hospitals.
The dispute concerns mainly French Islamic dress as a symbol of Islam, or the enslavement women, and only secondarily to other factors such as face to face communication, or security risks. New law says nothing about Islamic public use dress (the street), or the use of religious symbols in higher education or private educational institutions.
Immigration in the last two decades has introduced Islam as the second most important religion in Italy, a country where the population is traditionally Catholic. The Islamic headscarf has become in a national political issue, often in combination with other issues related to Islam, and new mosques and Koranic teaching in schools. The anti-immigrant and separatist Northern League has focused on the campaigns of the recent ban on the burka, although, as with the Party for Freedom in Holland, the most wide is immigration. After campaigns against local burka, several municipalities have imposed a ban, but these were suspended by the Administrative Tribunals Regional. [21] The Regional Administrative Court of Friuli-Venezia Giulia deleted for essentially technical reasons, the prohibitions imposed by a municipal government. The use of Law 152/1975 – which prohibits the use of motorcycle helmets to avoid identification – be extended to the veil or burqa al.
Minister for Immigration and Integration Rita Verdonk announced in November 2006 the Netherlands introduced legislation to ban face coverings in public. [23] Despite the ban has been discussed publicly before, results directly from a motion tabled legislation in the Netherlands by the Parliament [anti-immigration 24] Geert Wilders calling the company to enter. The proposals of the Cabinet has been delayed due to concerns over conflict with freedom of religion. Balkenende cabinet Third felt that these issues are no longer an obstacle to legislation. The proposal was condemned by Muslim organizations [25].
In November 2006 general elections, Wilders Freedom Party won nine seats (out of 150): Total burqa ban and the ban on Islamic headscarves in public schools and is part of their platform, but all other parties refuse to include in a coalition. A group of Muslim women staged a demonstration in favor of the new Parliament burka in The Hague on November 30, 2006. The event attracted the attention of national media, despite only 20 participants [26].
After the elections 2006, the new cabinet made a final decision on whether to introduce a ban, and has given conflicting signals [27]. An opinion poll in February 2007 indicated that 66 percent support a ban and 32 percent opposed [28].
Malaysia protested against the ban proposed shortly after has been announced in 2006. Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar called discriminatory treatment of Muslims, said he has violated the freedom of choice. The headscarf is tudung a political issue in Malaysia itself. According to UNHCR, students in Malaysia are forced to wear the tudung, and is compulsory for female shop workers in Kelantan, while politicians in Malaysia have protested against the ban on public schools in Singapore. [29] According to the note leak Algemeen Dagblad, the Netherlands Netherlands Foreign Ministry cautioned against a potential dispute, similar controversy Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons. [30]
The bill applies to the Netherlands at the national level. Previously, schools and other institutions have implemented their own bans on Islamic dress, but generally not on the Islamic headscarf. Employers also have their own policies. The cases of dismissal or exclusion from school are sometimes managed by the Commission Dutch Equal, creating de facto national guidelines on what constitutes discrimination. [31] In Amsterdam, the policies of the school attracted the attention of the media after the 2003 disaster. A vocational school, banned for three students who wear the niqab. One was kidnapped by the police while trying to enter the school with the niqab, the school rules are enforceable, because the transgression is transgression. Students called to the Equality Commission, which ruled (March 2003) for school. [32] The school justified the ban, because the niqab prevents contact with the eyes, which reflects a mutual respect. "The Commission agreed with the school, indicating the need for education and communication contact aspects of buildings school than religious freedom. The Education Minister Maria van der Hoeven, the Christian Democrat CDA party, has publicly supported the decision of the Commission. The CDA Amsterdam later called a national ban on the niqab, burqa and the niqab in schools, in part because they contradict the common national values. [33]
The cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht have proposed reducing Social Security benefits to unemployed women wearing a burqa on the grounds that non-Muslim countries makes can not work in a majority.
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